SELECTED REFERENCES

Sections 1.1 and 1.2

  • Arkin, P.A., and B.N. Meisner, 1987: The relationship between large-scale convective rainfall and cold cloud over the western hemisphere during 1982-84. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 51-74.
  • Chelton, D.B., F.J. Wentz, C.L. Gentemann, R.A. deSzoeke, and M.G. Schlax, 2000: Satellite microwave SST observations of transequatorial tropical instability waves. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1239-1242.
  • Berbery, E. H., 2000: Mesoscale moisture analysis of the North American monsoon. J. Climate, in press.
  • Bonner, W. D., 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 833-850.
  • Douglas, M. W., R. A. Maddox, K. Howard and S. Reyes, 1993: The Mexican Monsoon. J. Climate, 6, 1665-1677.
  • Douglas, M.W., 1995: The summertime low-level jet over the Gulf of California. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2334-2347.
  • ECMWF, 1995: The Description of the ECMWF/WCRP Level III-A Global Atmospheric Data Archive. ECMWF Operations Department, Shinfield Park, Reading. Berkshire, RG3, 9AX, England.
  • Foster, D. J., and R. D. Davy, 1998: Global Snow Depth Climatology. United States Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center, TN-88/006, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, 48 pp.
  • Fu, R. Zhu, B. and R. E. Dickinson, 1999: How do the atmosphere and land surface influence seasonal changes of convection in the tropical Amazon. J. Climate, 12, 1306-1321.
  • Gandu, A. W,. and Silva Dias, P. L., 1998: Impact of tropical heat sources on the South American tropospheric upper circulation and subsidence J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6001-6005.
  • Garreaud, R. D., and J. M. Wallace, 1998: Summertime incursions of midlatitude air into subtropical and tropical South America, Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 2713-2733.
  • Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, 1990: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected global precipitation. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111-127.
  • Hess, P., D. S. Battisti, and P. Rasch, 1993: The maintenance of the intertropical convergence zones and the large-scale tropical circulation on a water covered earth. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 691-713.
  • Magaña, V., J. A. Amador and S. Medina, 1999: The midsummer drought over Mexico and Central America. J. Climate, 12, 1577-1588.
  • McPhaden, M. J., and M. E. McCarty, 1992: Mean seasonal cycles and interannual variations at °0, 110°W, and 140°W during 1980-1991. NOAA Tech. Mem. ERL PMEL-95, US Dept. of Commerce, Washington DC, 118 pp.
  • Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, 1992: The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 5, 1140-1156.
  • Philander, S. G. H., D. Gu, D. Halpern, G. Lambert, N.-C. Lau, T. Li, and R.C. Pacanowski, 1996. Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J. Climate, 9, 2958-2971.
  • Rasmusson, E. M, 1967: Atmospheric water vapor transport and the water balance of North America: Part I. Characteristics of the water vapor flux field. Mon. Wea. Rev., 95, 403-426.
  • Richardson, P.L., 1989: Worldwide ship drift distributions identify missing data. J. Geophys. Res., 94, C5, 6169-6176.
  • Row, L. W., D. A. Hastings, and P. K. Dunbar, 1995: TerrainBase: Worldwide Digital Terrain Data, Documentation Manual. CD-ROM Public Beta Test Release 1.0, NOAA, Natioanl Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO, KGRD-30, 180 pp.
  • Sadler, J.C., and coauthors, 1987: Tropical Marine Climatic Atlas. Univ. Hawaii, Dep’t. Meteor., Reports 87-01 [Title?] and 87-02 [Title?].
  • Salby, M.L., and coauthors, 1991: Analysis of global cloud imagery from multiple satellites. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 467-480.
  • Sellers, P. J., S. O. Los, C. J. Tucker, C. O. Justice, D. A. Dazlich, G. J. Collatz, and D. A. Randall, 1994: A global 1 ´ 1° NDVI data set for climate studies. Part 2: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from the NDVI. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 15, 3519-3545.
  • Sellers, P. J., S. O. Los, C. J. Tucker, C. O. Justice, D. A. Dazlich, G. J. Collatz, and D. A. Randall, 1996: A revised land surface parameterization (siB2) for atmospheric GCMS. Part II: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data. J. Climate, 9, 706-737.
  • Sellers, P. J., G. J. Collatz, F. G. Hall, B. W. Meeson, J. Closs, F. Corprew, J. Memanus, D. Myers, K.-J. Sun, D. Dazlich, Y. Kerr, R. Koster, S. Los, K. Mitchell, and P. Try, 1996: The ISLSCP Initiative I Global Datasets: Surface boundary conditions and atmospehric forcings for land-atmosphere studies. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1987-2006.
  • Thompson et al., 1979: Structure and properties of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Atlantic. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 53-72.
  • Spencer, R.W., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-91 and comparisons to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.
  • Tang., M. And E. R. Reiter, 1984: Plateau monsoons of the Northern Hemisphere: A comparison between North America and Tibet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 617-637.
  • Woodruff, S.D., and coauthors, 1987: A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
  • Woodruff, S.D., and coauthors, 1993: Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) Release 1a: 1980-92. Earth Syst. Monit., 4, 1-8.


    Section 1.3

  • Carleton, A. M., D. A., Carpenter, and P. J. Weser, 1990: Mechanisms of interannual variability of the Southwest United States summer rainfall maximum. J. Climate, 3, 999-1015.
  • Gutzler, D. S., and J. W. Preston, 1997: Evidence for a relationship between spring snow cover in North America and summer rainfall in New Mexico. Geophys. Res. Letters, 24, 2207-2210.
  • Higgins, R. W., Y. Yao, E. S. Yarosh, J. E. Janowiak and K. C. Mo, 1997a: Influence of the Great Plains low-level jet on summertime precipitation and moisture transport over the central United States. J. Climate., 10, 481-507.
  • Higgins, R.W., Y. Yao and X. Wang, 1997b: Influence of the North American Monsoon System on the United States summer precipitation regime. J. Climate, 10, 2600-2622.
  • Higgins, R.W., K. C. Mo and Y. Yao, 1998: Interannual variability of the United States summer precipitation regime with emphasis on the southwestern monsoon. J. Climate, 11, 2582-2606.
  • Mock, C. J. 1996: Climatic controls and spatial variations of precipitation in the western United States. J. Climate, 9, 1111-1125.
  • Ting, M. and H. Wang, 1997: Summertime U.S. precipitation variability and its relation to Pacific sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 10, 1853-1873.
  • Stensrud, D. J., R. L. Gall, S. L. Mullen and K. W. Howard, 1995: Model climatology of the Mexican Monsoon. J. Climate, 8, 1775-1794.


    Section 1.4

  • Karoly D. J. 1989: Southern Hemisphere circulation features associated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation events. J. Climate, 2, 1239-1251.
  • Lenter J. D., and Cook K. H., 1999: Summertime precipitation variability over South America: Role of the large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 409-431.
  • Liebmann B., J. A. Marengo J. D. Glick, V. E. Kousky, I. C. Wainer, and Massambani, 1998: A comparison of rainfall, outgoing longwave radiation, and divergence over the Amazon Basin. Journal of Climate, 11, 2898-2909.
  • Mo, K. C., 2000 Relationships between low frequency variability in the Southern Hemisphere and sea surface temperature anomalies J. Climate, in press.
  • Mo, K. C.,, and R. W. Higgins, 1998: The Pacific South American modes and tropical convection in the Southern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1581-1596.
  • Van Loon, H, J. W. Kidson, and A. N. Mullan, 1993: Decadal variation of the annual cycle in the Australian dataset. J. Climate, 6, 1227-1231.

    Section 1.6

  • Halpert, M. S., and C. F. Ropelewski, 1992: Sea surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 5, 577-593.
  • Ropelewski, C. F, and M. S. Halpert, 1986: North American precipitation and temperature patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2352-2362.
  • Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
  • Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1989: Precipitation patterns associated with the high index phase of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 268-284.
  • Spencer, R. W., and J. R. Christy, 1990: Precise monitoring of global temperature trends from satellites. Science, 247, 1558-1562.

    Section 1.7

  • Chelton, D. B., and coauthors, 2000: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, (in press).
  • Deser, C., J .J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 1172-1180.
  • Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhaden and J. M. Wallace, 1989: The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Weekly to monthly variability. J. Climate, 2, 1500-1506.
  • Thompson, R. M., S. W. Payne, E. E. Recker and R. J. Reed, 1979. Structure and properties of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Atlantic. J. Atmos. Sci, 36, 53-72.
  • Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492-1499.
  • Xie, S.-P., M. Ishiwatari, H. Hashizume, and K Takeuchi, 1998: Coupled ocean-atmospheric waves on the equatorial front. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3863-3866.

    Section 1.8

  • Albrecht, B. A., 1989. Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230.
  • Bretherton, C. S. and M. C. Wyant, 1997: Moisture transport, lower-tropospheric stability, and decoupling of cloud-topped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 148-167.
  • Klein, S. A., and D.L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606.
  • Klein, S. A., D. L. Hartmann, and J. R. Norris, 1995: On the relationship among low-cloud structure, sea surface temperature, and atmospheric circulation in the summertime northeast Pacific. J. Climate, 8, 1140-1155.
  • Ma, C.-C., C. R. Mechoso, A. W. Robertson and A. Arakawa, 1996: Peruvian stratus clouds and the tropical Pacific circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study. J. Climate, 9, 1635-1645.
  • Norris, J. R., 1998. Low cloud type over the ocean from surface observations. Part I: Relationship to surface meteorology and the vertical distribution of temperature and moisture. J. Climate, 11, 369-382.
  • Norris, J. R., and C. B. Leovy, 1994. Interannual variability in stratiform cloudiness and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 7, 1915-1925.
  • Norris, J. R., 1998: Low cloud type over the ocean from surface observations. Part II: Geographical and seasonal variations. J Climate, 11, 383-403.
  • Randall, D. A., B. A. Albrecht, S. Cox, D. Johnson, P. Minnis, W. Rossow, and D. O’C. Starr, 1996: On FIRE at ten. Advances in Geophysics, 38, 37-177.
  • Stevens, B., W. R. Cotton, G. Feingold, and C-H Moeng, 1998: Large-eddy simulation of strongly precipitating, shallow, stratocumulus-topped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3616-3638.

    Section 1.9

  • Higgins, R. W., and W. Shi, 2000: Intercomparison of the principal modes of interannual and intraseasonal variability of the North American monsoon system. J. Climate (in press).
  • Kayano, M. T., and V. E. Kousky, 1999: Intraseasonal (30-60 day) variability in the global tropics: principal modes and their evolution. Tellus, 51A, 373-386.
  • Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708.
  • Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40-50 day tropical oscillation -A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814-837.
  • Nogues-Paegle, J., L. A. Byerle and K.C. Mo, 2000: Intraseasonal modulation of South American summer precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 837-850.
  • Stensrud, D. J., R. L. Gall, and M. K. Nordquist, 1997: Surges over the Gulf of California during the Mexican Monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 417-437.
  • Weickmann, K. M., 1983: Intraseasonal circulation and outgoing longwave radiation modes during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1838-1858

    Section 2

  • Lagos, P. and J. Buizer, 1992: Natural and Technological Disasters: Causes, Effects, and Preventative Measures, Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences, 16, 223-238. (Available from S. K. Mujumdar, Dept. Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042.)
  • Neumann, C. J., 1987: The National Hurricane Center Risk Analysis Program (HURISK). NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 38, 56 pp.
  • Reynolds, R.W., and T.M. Smith, 1994. Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate, 7, 929-948.
  • Smith, T.M. and coauthors, 1996: Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, 1403-1420.

    Section 4

  • NAME Project Science Team, 2000: NAME Science and Implementation Plan. Available from US CLIVAR Project Office http://www.usclivar.org
  • Weller, R., B. Albrecht, S. Esbensen, C. Eriksen, A. Kumar, R. Mechoso, D. Raymond, D. Rogers and D. Rudnick, 1999: A Science and Implementation Plan for EPIC. Available from US CLIVAR Project Office http://www.usclivar.org


    Section 5

  • Mechoso, C. R., and coauthors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the Tropical Pacific in General Circulation Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838.
  • Latif, M., and coauthors, 2000: ENSIP: The El Niño Simulation Intercomparison Project. Climate Dynamics, submitted.